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Test Code SPAS Arsenic Speciation, Random, Urine


Specimen Required


Patient Preparation:

1. For the 48-hour period prior to start of collection, patient should not eat seafood.

2. High concentrations of gadolinium and iodine are known to potentially interfere with most inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry-based metal tests. If either gadolinium- or iodine-containing contrast media has been administered, a specimen should not be collected for 96 hours.

Supplies:

-Urine Tubes, 10 mL (T068)

-Sarstedt Aliquot Tube 5 mL (T914)

Collection Container/Tube: Clean, plastic urine collection container

Submission Container/Tube: Plastic vial or a clean, plastic aliquot container with no metal cap or glued insert

Specimen Volume: 5 mL

Collection Instructions:

1. Collect a random urine specimen.

2. See Metals Analysis Specimen Collection and Transport for complete instructions.


Secondary ID

607691

Useful For

Diagnosing arsenic intoxication using random urine specimens

Testing Algorithm

Total arsenic will be performed first. If the total arsenic concentration is 10 mcg/L or greater, then speciation will be performed and reported. If total arsenic is below 10 mcg/L, total arsenic will be reported as less than 10 mcg/L and speciation will not be performed.

Method Name

Triple-Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS)/Ion Chromatography Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)

Reporting Name

Arsenic Speciation, Random, U

Specimen Type

Urine

Specimen Minimum Volume

3 mL

Specimen Stability Information

Specimen Type Temperature Time Special Container
Urine Refrigerated (preferred) 28 days
  Frozen  28 days
  Ambient  72 hours

Reject Due To

  All specimens will be evaluated at Mayo Clinic Laboratories for test suitability.

Clinical Information

Arsenic (As) exists in a number of different forms; some are toxic, while others are not. The toxic inorganic forms are arsenite (As[3+], As[III]) and arsenate (As[5+], As[V]), and their partially detoxified metabolites are monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). As(III) is more toxic than As(V) and both are more toxic than MMA and DMA. As(III) is more toxic than As(V), and both are more toxic than MMA and DMA. The biologic half-life of inorganic arsenic is 4 to 6 hours, while the biologic half-life of the methylated metabolites is 20 to 30 hours. Target organs of As(III)-induced effects are the heart, gastrointestinal tract, skin and other epithelial tissues, kidney, and nervous system.

 

Inorganic arsenic is carcinogenic to humans. Symptoms of chronic poisoning, called arseniasis, are mostly insidious and nonspecific. The gastrointestinal tract, skin, and central nervous system are usually involved. Nausea, epigastric pain, colic abdominal pain, diarrhea, and paresthesias of the hands and feet can occur.

 

Nontoxic, organic forms of arsenic are present in many foods. Arsenobetaine and arsenocholine are the 2 most common forms of organic arsenic found in food. The most common foods that contain significant concentrations of organic arsenic are shellfish and other predators in the seafood chain (cod, haddock, etc). Some meats, such as meats from chickens that have been fed seafood remnants, may also contain the organic forms of arsenic.

 

Following ingestion of arsenobetaine and arsenocholine, these compounds undergo rapid kidney clearance to become concentrated in the urine. Organic arsenic is completely excreted within 1 to 2 days after ingestion, and there are no residual toxic metabolites. The biologic half-life of organic arsenic is 4 to 6 hours.

 

For reporting purposes, the concentrations of the inorganic forms (As[III] and As[V]) along with the methylated forms (MMA and DMA) will be summed and reported together as 'Inorganic' arsenic. This is consistent with how the biological exposure index reference range is reported.

Reference Values

TOXIC ARSENIC

<35 mcg/L

Reference values apply to all ages.

 

Arsenic Speciation Interpretive Information:

The toxic arsenic concentration represents the sum of the inorganic and methylated arsenic species. The reference value for toxic arsenic is <35 mcg/L. This value is based on the ACGIH Biological Exposure Index (BEI), which does not include the nontoxic organic arsenic.

Interpretation

The quantitative reference range for fractionated arsenic applies only to the inorganic forms. Concentrations of 20 mcg inorganic arsenic per liter or higher are considered toxic.

 

There is no limit to the normal range for the organic forms of arsenic since they are not considered toxic and are normally present after consumption of certain food types. For example, a typical finding in a urine specimen with total 24-hour excretion of arsenic of 350 mcg/24 hr would be that more than 95% is present as the organic species from a dietary source, and less than 5% is present as the inorganic species. This would be interpreted as indicating the elevated total arsenic was due to ingestion of the nontoxic form of arsenic, usually found in seafood.

 

A normal value for blood arsenic does not exclude a finding of elevated urine inorganic arsenic, due to the very short half-life of blood arsenic.

Specimen Retention Time

14 days

Performing Laboratory

Mayo Clinic Laboratories in Rochester

Test Classification

This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Mayo Clinic in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements. It has not been cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.

CPT Code Information

82175

LOINC Code Information

Test ID Test Order Name Order LOINC Value
SPAS Arsenic Speciation, Random, U 54454-4

 

Result ID Test Result Name Result LOINC Value
607692 Inorganic Arsenic (Toxic) 12481-8
607693 Methylated Arsenic (Toxic) 53779-5
607694 Organic Arsenic (Non-Toxic) 53778-7
609405 Toxic Arsenic Concentration 96250-6
607691 Total Arsenic Concentration 5586-3

Day(s) Performed

Monday through Friday

Report Available

3 to 5 days